By Lesley Wroughton
With inflation soaring in Zimbabwe and the country’s currency in free fall as people abandon it for the US dollar, the government of President Emmerson Mnangagwa is fighting back with a novel strategy: gold coins.
On Monday, Zimbabwe started selling one-ounce, 22-carat gold coins bearing an image of Victoria Falls, its world-famous natural wonder. Each has a serial number, comes with a certificate and will be sold at a price “based on the prevailing international price of gold and the cost of production“, the central bank said.
The coins are tradeable in Zimbabwe and overseas, the bank said, and can be exchanged for cash. The goal is to reduce the quantity of Zimbabwe dollars in circulation to eventually restore its value. What’s unknown is whether the approach has a real chance of success.
While gold is traditionally the ideal hedge against inflation and general economic uncertainty, no country has previously tried to tackle a weakening currency by selling gold coins.
“In that sense, it is unusual,” said Carlos Caceres, the International Monetary Fund’s representative to Zimbabwe. And with gold trading at around $1710 (about R28205) per troy ounce, institutional investors may be the coins’ principal buyers. “No ordinary person will be able to afford it,” said Prosper Chitambara, a senior researcher at the Labour and Economic Development Research Institute of Zimbabwe.
“Right now, Zimbabweans are living hand-to-mouth.” Economic crises are nothing new to people in the southern African nation, who for more than two decades have faced hyperinflation, food and fuel shortages, staggering unemployment and other hardships.
For many, the crisis recalls the late 2000s under then-president Robert Mugabe. Annual inflation hit a record 489 billion percent in September 2008, and shoppers carried garbage bags full of bank notes to buy groceries.
Mugabe’s government was forced to print a trillion-dollar note, the largest in world history, before the country abandoned its currency in 2015 for the US dollar. Mugabe was forced to resign in 2017, and the Zim dollar, as it is known, was reintroduced two years later.
But as confidence in it again falls, Finance Minister Mthuli Ncube has warned that businesses refusing to accept the currency from customers could lose their trading licences. This year the Zim dollar has lost roughly 72% of its value against the US dollar.
Annual inflation reached triple digits in May, climbing again last month to 192% even as interest rates more than doubled – to 200% from 80%. Chitambara said the government wants sales of the gold coins to moderate high demand for US dollars, a key factor in the local currency’s depreciation.
If that happens, in turn reducing some of the excess money supply and easing inflationary pressures, “then it would’ve been a positive experiment”, according to Caceres.
Caceres said the IMF prefers tried-and-tested tools as it advises member countries on best economic policies. When confronting inflation and a weakening currency, such tools include raising or cutting interest rates to control inflation and tweaking the amount of money that banks must set aside as reserves.
Rising prices are also being fuelled by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which has sparked a global wave of inflation amid supply shortages. On the streets of Harare, there isn’t much chatter about the new coin, the Mosi-oa-tunya (“the smoke that thunders”), the traditional name for the Zambezi River waterfall.
Vendor Trust Muyererwa, 28, is focused on his difficult day-to-day life. “In January, I would pay US$10 to buy a pack of mealie meal, cooking oil, sugar and salt, and this would push me through the month. Now, a bottle of cooking oil costs US$5, and I cannot buy much more” with the remainder.
* This is an edited version of the article first published in The Washington Post. Bernard Mpofu in Harare contributed to this report.